A hypothesis on a comprehensive approach to managing the urban polycentralization of post-socialist metropolitan areas
Abstract
Managing the polycentralization of metropolitan areas can contribute to a more even pace of development of builtup areas; it can also increase the economic and temporary accessibility of urban centers. This study, attempts to synthesize the main hypothetical provisions of a comprehensive approach to managing the development of polycentric metropolitan areas in post-socialist countries. It presents the necessity for modeling not only the core city, but also the entire metropolitan area when managing polycentralization. The study reveals the formalized stages of how a polycentric metropolitan area evolves and presents a comprehensive analysis on the main problems of a technological and methodological, administrative and legal nature in managing the development of polycentric metropolitan areas. It also highlights the significance of comprehensively developing the transport infrastructure and the prevalence of information and telecommunication technologies within the metropolitan area, as well as the spatial compactness of the metropolitan areas for the polycentralization progress. It is considered that the specific features of the post-socialist urban process can affect polycentralization, including (post-) suburbanization, reurbanization, and gentrification. Finally, measures are suggested in the field of scientific research and technologies, and municipal and regional management aimed at increasing the manageability of developing polycentric metropolitan areas in a postsocialist urban planning context.
References
Aguilera A., Boutueil, V. (2018). Urban Mobility And The Smartphone: Transportation, Travel Behavior and Public Policy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Antikainen, J. (2005). The concept of functional urban area. Findings of the ESPON project 1.1.1., Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Vol. 7, pp. 447-452.
Bokov, A. V. (2018). O strategii prostranstvennogo razviti͡a (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy).
Bontje, M. (2007). Deconcentration and commuter traffic: Trends and policies in the Netherlands, Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 141-148.
Boterman, W. R., Tzaninis Y. (2018). Beyond the urban suburban dichotomy: shifting mobilities to and from Almere, Holland, City, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 43-62.
Brade, I. (2012). Socialist Summer-home Settlements in Postsocialist Suburbanisation, Urban Studies, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 3-21.
Cardoso, R., Meijers, E. (2017). Secondary yet metropolitan? the challenges of metropolitan integration for second-tier cities, Planning Theory & Practice, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 616-635.
Chelsea, L. (2006). Social Changes and Social Sustainability in Historical Urban Centres: The Case of Central Europe. In G. Enyedi, Z, Kovács, (Eds.), Gentrification, Property Rights and Post-socialist Primitive Accumulation (Bucharest, Romania). Bukharest: Centre for Regional Studies of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, pp. 127-146.
Chen, W., Yenneti, K., Wei, Y. D., Yuan, F., Wu, J., Gao, J. (2019). Polycentricity in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA): More Cohesion or More Disparities?, Sustainability, Vol. 11, pp. 1-19.
Decoville, A., Klein, O. (2020). Polycentrism and the accessibility of public facilities to the population. The example of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Belval, European Planning Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 653-671.
Dewita, Yu. (2018). The Impact of the Compact City on Housing Affordability in the Indonesian Metropolis. (Master’s thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia). https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/381681 [Accessed: 4 Dec 2020].
Drozda, L. (2019). Super-gentrification in a post-socialist state on the example of Poland. In N. Camprag, A. Suri (Eds.), Three Decades of Post-socialist Transition. Conference Proceedings. Darmstadt: TU Darmstadt, pp. 14-22.
Duarte, C. M., Fernández, M. T. (2017). The Influence of Urban Structure on Commuting: An Analysis for the Main Metropolitan Systems in Spain, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 198, pp. 52-68.
Filanova, T. V., Kruglova, E. V. (2019). Predposylki formirovani͡a ts͡ entra ag-lomera ts͡ ionnogo znachenia͡ v raĭone zheleznodorozhnogo vokzala v Samare (in Russian). Samara: Samara State Technical University.
Gaĭkova, L. V., Kiselëva, O. V. (2019). From monocentrism to polycentrism of a Russian city. In I. V. Kukina, I. G. Fedchenko, I͡A. V. Chuĭ (Eds.), Urban Form and Social Context: from traditions to newest demands proceedings of the 25th ISUF International Conference. Krasnoi͡arsk: Siberian Federal University, Institute of Architecture and Design, pp. 351-362.
Garcia-López, M., Moreno-Monroy, A. (2018). Income segregation in monocentric and polycentric cities: Does urban form really matter?, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol. 71, pp. 62-79.
Grabkowska, M. (2012). Regeneration of the Post-socialist Inner City. Social Change and Bottom-up Transformations in Gdańsk. Poland: Pracownia.
Granqvista, K., Sarjamob, S., Mäntysaloa, R. (2019). Polycentricity as spatial imaginary: the case of Helsinki City Plan, European Planning Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 739-758.
Grunfelder, J., Nielsen, T., Groth, N. (2015). Changes to urban form and commuting patterns: trends in two Danish city regions, Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab, Vol. 2, No. 115, pp. 1-15.
Gutnov, A. E. (1984). Ėvoliu͡ ts͡ ia͡ gradostroitel'stva (in Russian). Moscow: Stroĭizdat.
Gutnov, A. E., Lezhava, I. G. (1977). Budushchee goroda (in Russian). Moscow: Stroĭizdat.
Harris, C. D., Ullman, E. L. (1945). The Nature of Cities, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 242, No. 1, pp. 7-17.
Hochstenbach, C., Musterd, S. (2017). Gentrification and the suburbanization of poverty: changing urban geographies through boom and bust periods, Urban Georgaphy, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 26-53.
Huang, D., Yang, X., Liu, Z., Zhao, X., Kong, F. (2018). The Dynamic Impacts of Employment Subcenters on Residential Land Price in Transitional China: An Examination of the Beijing Metropolitan Area, Sustainability, Vol. 10, Issue 4, pp. 1-22.
Krasheninnikov, A. V. (2016). Makro-prostranstva gorodskoĭ sredy (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy).
Krehl, A. (2018). Urban subcentres in German city regions: Identification, understanding, comparison, Papers in Regional Science, Vol. 97, No. 51.
Krehl, A., Siedentop, S. (2018). Towards a typology of urban centers and subcenters – evidence from German city regions, Urban Geography, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 58-82.
Kuznetsova, I͡A. A. (2013). Prints͡ ipy organizats͡ ii glavnyh ulits͡ v usloviyakh sovremennogo goroda (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow State Building University.
Kwon, K., Seo, M. (2018). Does the Polycentric Urban Region Contribute to Economic Performance? The Case of Korea, Sustainability, Vol. 10, p. 4157.
Lang, R. E. (2003). Edgeless Cities – Exploring the Elusive Metropolis. Washington D.C.: Booking Institution Press.
Lang, R. E., Lim, J., Danielsen, K. A. (2019). The origin, evolution, and application of the megapolitan area concept, International Journal of Urban Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Li, Y., Xiong, W., Wang, X. (2019). Does polycentric and compact development alleviate urban traffic congestion? A case study of 98 Chinese cities, Cities, Vol. 88, pp. 100-111.
Li, X., Mou, Y., Wang, H., Yin, C. (2018). How Does Polycentric Urban Form Affect Urban Commuting? Quantitative Measurement Using Geographical Big Data of 100 Cities in China, Sustainability, Vol. 10, No. 4566, pp. 1-14.
Li, Y., Liu, X. (2018). How did urban polycentricity and dispersion affect economic productivity? A case study of 306 Chinese cities, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 173, pp. 51-59.
Lin, D., Allan, A., Cui, J. (2019). The impact of polycentric urban development on commuting behaviour in urban China: Evidence from four sub-centres of Beijing, Habitat International, Vol. 50, pp. 195-205.
Liu, X., Derudder, B., Wu, K. (2016). Measuring Polycentric Urban Development in China: An Intercity Transportation Network Perspective, Regional Studies, Vol. 50, No. 8, pp. 1302-1315.
Liu, Y., Fan, P., Yue, W., Huang, J. (2019). Assessing Polycentric Urban Development in Mountainous Cities: The Case of Chongqing Metropolitan Area, China, Sustainability, Vol. 11, No. 2790, pp 1-16.
Lia͡ punova, G. P., Platonova, E. A. (2017). Znachenie polits͡ entrizma dli͡a obespecheniya sbalansirovannogo transportnogo razvitii͡a krupnykh gorodov (in Russian). Gatchina: Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
Liu͡ bovnyĭ, V. I͡A. (2015). Gorodskie aglomerats͡ ii Rossii: ot stikhiĭnogo k ts͡ elenapravlennomu razvitiiu͡ (in Russian). Ekaterinburg: The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA).
Maly, J. (2016). Impact of polycentric urban systems on intraregional disparities: a micro-regional approach, European Planning Studies, Vol. 24, Issue 1, pp. 116-138.
Marques, T. S., Saraiva, M., Maia, C. (2019). Challenges of Polycentric Urban Systems in the New Planning Cycle: The Case of Portugal, Revista portuguesa de estudos regionais, No. 52, pp. 7-24.
Maslak, O., Doroshkevich, K., Salata, I. (2018). Prints͡ ipy formuvannia͡ ta rozvitku system klasterizats͡ ії nats͡іonal'noї ekonomіki (in Ukranian). L’viv: Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies.
Mazaev, A. G. (2019a). "Dorozhnai͡a karta razvitii͡a" Ekaterinburgskoĭ aglomerats͡ ii (in Russian). Ekaterinburg: Institution Russian Academy of Architecture and building Sciences the «Badge of Hanour» Ural Scientific Research and Design Institute.
Mazaev, A. G. (2019b). Mozhno li sni͡at' "sibirskoe bremi͡a" sistemy rasselenii͡a? (in Russian). Ekaterinburg: Institution Russian Academy of Architecture and building Sciences the «Badge of Hanour» Ural Scientific Research and Design Institute.
Moiseev, I͡U. M. (2017). Sobytiĭnost' transformats͡ ii prostranstva: voprosy ponimani͡a (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Architectural Institute.
Monastyrskai͡a, M. E., Pesli͡ak, O. A. (2017). Sovremennye metody delimitats͡ ii granits͡ gorodskikh aglomeraciĭ (in Russian). Samara: Samara State Technical University.
Mu, X., Yeh, A. (2016). Measuring polycentricity of mega-city regions in China based on the intercity migration flows. In D. D. Lichti, Q. Weng (Eds.), The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19 July 2016, Prague, Czech Republic. Hannover: Leibniz University (ISPRS), Vol. XLI-B6, pp. 275-281.
Nasri, A., Kwong, J., Zhang, L. (2018). Employment Subcenters, Polycentricity, and Travel Behavior: The Tale of Two Cities in the U.S. In Y. Wang, M. T. McNerney (Eds.), International Conference on Transportation & Development, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania July 15-18, 2018. Reston: America Society of Civil Engineers.
Nasri, A., Zhang, L. (2018). A multi-dimensional multilevel approach to measuring the spatial structure of U.S. metropolitan areas, Journal of Transport and Land Use, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 49-65.
Nelson, A., Lang, R. (2018). Megapolitan America. New York: Routledge.
Nordregio (2005). ESPON 111. Potentials for polycentric development in Europe. Stockholm: Nordregio [online]. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.1.1_revised-full_0.pdf [Accessed: 4 Dec 2020].
Olsvold, H. (2018). Polycentric development in the Greater Oslo Region. An analysis of population development and commuting patterns between 2001 and 2015. (Master’s thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway). https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/66834 [Accessed: 4 Dec 2020].
Ouředníček, M. (2007). Differential suburban development in the Prague urban region, Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography, No. 89 (2), pp. 111-126.
Pagliarin, S. (2013). (Un)planning metropolitan urban space. In R. Ronald (Ed.), At Home in the Housing Market: RC43 Conference Book of Proceedings. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam. Academia [online]. https://www.academia.edu/6578278/_Un_planning_metropolitan_urban_space [Accessed 4 Dec 2020].
Pomorov, S. B., Zhukovsky, R. S. (2016a). Analiz sovremennykh predstavleniĭ o polits͡ entricheskoĭ strukture goroda (in Russian). Tomsk: Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building.
Pomorov, S. B., Zhukovsky, R. S. (2016b). Balans planirovani͡a i samoorganizats͡ ii v istorii stanovleniia͡ konts͡epts͡ii polits͡ entricheskikh gorodov (in Russian). Ekaterinburg: Institution Russian Academy of Architecture and building Sciences the «Badge of Honour» Ural Scientific Research and Design Institute.
Pomorov, S. B., Zhukovsky, R. S. (2019). Subts͡ entry krupnykh i krupneĭshikh gorodov Rossii i mira (in Russian). Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts.
Rauhut, D., Pedro, P., Alois, H. (2018). Can Polycentrism Stimulate the Provision of Social Services of General Interest?, Social Science Spectrum, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
Saprykina, O. V., Akhmedova, E. A., Vinogradov, K. I. (2019). Issledovanie vli͡ani͡a ėlementarnykh planirovochnykh struktur goroda na zagruzhennost' transportnykh magistraleĭ (in Russian). Kazan’: Kazan’ State University of Architecture and Engineering.
Sarkar, S., Wu, H., Levinson, D. (2018). Working Paper: Measuring polycentricity via network flows, spatial interaction, and percolation, Urban Analysis and Development, pre-print. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/18792?show=full [Accessed: 4 Dec 2020].
Savini, F. (2013). Political dilemmas in peripheral development: investment, regulation, and interventions in metropolitan Amsterdam, Planning Theory & Practice, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 333-348.
Schmitt, P., Volgmann, K., Münter, A., Reardon, M. (2015). Unpacking polycentricity at the city-regional scale: Insights from Dusseldorf and Stockholm, European Journal of Spatial Development, No. 59, pp. 1-26.
Shubenkov, M. V. (2017). Formirovanie gradostroitel'nykh sistem v postindustrial'nyĭ period (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences.
Shubenkov, M. V., Shubenkova, M. I͡U. (2018). Gradostroitel'nye sistemy: ot neustojchivogo ravnovesi͡a k ustoĭchivomu neravnovesi͡u (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Architectural Institute.
Šimon M., Ouředníček M., Kopečná M. (2015). The reurbanisation concept and its utility for contemporary research on postsocialist cities: The case of the Czech Republic, Moravian Geographical Reports, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 26-35.
Skri͡abin, P. V. (2019). K metodologii gradostroitel'nogo planirovani͡a i͡uga Sibiri (in Russian). Tomsk: Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building.
Smol’ia͡ ninov, V. V. (2018). Organizats͡ ionno-pravovoĭ mekhanizm territorial'nogo planirovania͡ gorodskikh aglomerats͡ iĭ (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Saint Petersburg State Unversity of Architecture and Civil Engineering.
Solis, E., Ureña, J., Mohino, I. (2019). The influence of education level and job type on work-related travel patterns within rural metro-adjacent regions: The case of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, Journal of Transport and Land Use, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 73-98.
Sorensen, A. (2001). Subcenters and Satellite Cities: Tokyo’s 20th Century Experience of Planned Polycentrism, International Planning Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 9-32.
Sýkora, L. (1999). Changes in the internal spatial structure of post-communist Prague, GeoJournal, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 79-89.
Taubenböck, H., Klotz, M., Felbier A., Wegmann, M., Ludwig, R. (2011). Spatio-temporal cross-city comparison using multisensoral remote sensing for Mexican cities. In U. Stilla, P. Gamba, C. Juergens, D. Maktav (Eds.), JURSE 2011– Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event. Munich, Germany, April 11-13, 2011. Munich: Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing Technische Universitaet Muenchen, pp. 81-84.
Tolmachëva, V. A., Anti͡ufeeva, O. A. (2019). Obshchestvennye ts͡ entry v gorodakh lineĭnoĭ planirovochnoĭ struktury na primere goroda Volgograda (in Russian). Volgograd: Volgograd State Technical University.
Tosics, I., Berescu, C. (2011). Cities of tomorrow. Challenges, visions, ways forward Cities of tomorrow. Challenges, visions, ways forward. Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General for Regional Policy.
Trujillo, V. S., Muñiz, I. (2014). Journey to Work in Mexican Valley: is Polycentric Structure Reducing Commuting Activity? Preliminary draft. Barcelona: Universitàt Autònoma de Barcelona.
Tumanik, G. N. (2014). Novosibirsk. Nerealizovannye vozmozhnosti gradostroitel'nogo proektirovania͡ (in Russian). Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts.
Tzaninis, Y. (2015). Building Sand Castles in Dutch Suburbia: From New-Frontier Pioneering to Diversifying Aspirations, Built Environment, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 550-566.
Tzaninis, Y. (2016). Building Utopias on Sand: The production of space in Almere and the future of suburbia. (Master’s thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands). https://dare.uva.nl/search?identifier=815a2d38-dd8c-4a2c-a1ffca3dda45cbc3 [Accessed: 4 Dec 2020].
Verkhovykh, E. I͡U. (2018). "Aglomerats͡ ionnyĭ paradoks" i osobennosti strategicheskogo planirovani͡a Ekaterinburgskoĭ aglomerats͡ ii (in Russian). Ekaterinburg: Institution Russian Academy of Architecture and building Sciences the «Badge of Hanour» Ural Scientific Research and Design Institute.
Vogler, J. P. (2020). The Political Economy of the European Union: An Exploration of EU Institutions and Governance from the Perspective of Polycentrism, Chapter 6. In P. J. Boettke, B. Herzberg, B. Kogelmann (Eds.), Exploring the Political Economy and Social Philosophy of Vincent and Elinor Ostrom. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield International, pp. 1-47.
Wenze, Y., Tianyu, W., Yong, L., Qun, Z., Xinyue, Y. (2019). Mismatch of morphological and functional polycentricity in Chinese cities: An evidence from land development and functional linkage, Land Use Policy, Vol. 88, pp. 104-176.
Yang Z., Hao, P., Yang, P. (2015). Economic clusters: A bridge between economic and spatial policies in the case of Beijing, Cities, Vol. 42, part B, pp. 171-185.
Yingcheng, L. (2020). Towards concentration and decentralization: The evolution of urban spatial structure of Chinese cities, 2001–2016, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 80, p. 101425.
Zhang, T., Sun, B., Li, W. (2017). The economic performance of urban structure: From the perspective of Polycentricity and Monocentricity, Cities, Vol. 68, pp. 18-24.
Zhong, C., Schläpfer, M., Arisona S. M., Batty, M, Ratti, C., Schmitt, G. (2015). Revealing centrality in the spatial structure of cities from human activity patterns, Urban Studies, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 437-455.
Zhukovsky, R. S. (2018). Prints͡ ipy i priëmy formirovania͡ obshchestvenno-delovykh subts͡ entrov krupnykh i krupneĭshikh gorodov (in Russian). Ekaterinburg: Ural State University of Architecture and Art.
Zhukovsky, R. S., Pomorov, S. B. (2017). Factors Affecting the Formation of Sub-downtowns in Various Metropolitan Areas Around the World, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1800, pp. 1-11.
